In this scenario, do you have priority over the vehicle travelling in the opposite direction on the left?

In the video you are leaving a housing estate; on the right you pass sign D-47 "end of internal road" and approach a street along which a dark car turning left is coming from the opposite direction. You do not have right of way over it. The answer is: no.

The Road Traffic Act states that joining traffic (włączanie się do ruchu) takes place when entering a road from a road that is not a public road, and a driver joining traffic is obliged to exercise particular caution and give way to another vehicle or road user. Sign D-47 "end of internal road" tells you that you are leaving an internal road, that is a non-public one, and entering a public road - this is not an ordinary junction, but joining traffic. When joining traffic, you give way to everyone: the car from the opposite direction turning left, vehicles from the right and from the left, cyclists and pedestrians. The right-hand rule does not apply here, nor the rule that a driver turning left gives way to one going straight on - these apply to vehicles at a junction, and you are not entering a junction, you are joining traffic. If necessary, you stop before the edge of the roadway and drive on only when you will not force anyone to brake.

Legal basis: Art. 17 para. 1 point 1 and para. 2 of the Road Traffic Act (Prawo o ruchu drogowym); § 58 para. 5 of the Regulation on road signs and signals