In this situation, when turning left, do you have the right of way over the vehicle driving straight ahead from the opposite direction?

In the video, you are driving along a street in a small town between tenement houses and approaching a junction where you intend to turn left; a car going straight on is coming from the opposite direction. When turning left, you do not have right of way over the vehicle coming from the opposite direction and going straight on. The answer is: no.

The Road Traffic Act states that a driver approaching a junction is required to exercise particular caution and give way to a vehicle approaching from the right, and if turning left - also to a vehicle coming from the opposite direction and going straight on or turning right. This rule applies at every junction, regardless of the signs: even on a priority road the oncoming vehicle is on the same road as you, so the signs do not treat you differently, and what decides is the direction of the manoeuvre - whoever turns left and crosses the opposite lane waits. Before the turn you move towards the centre of the roadway, switch on your left indicator and stop with your wheels pointing straight ahead until the oncoming car has passed; you turn when the opposite lane is clear over a distance that lets you do the manoeuvre calmly, and you also give way to pedestrians crossing the roadway you are entering.

Legal basis: Art. 25 para. 1, Art. 22 para. 2 point 2 and Art. 26 para. 2 of the Road Traffic Act (Prawo o ruchu drogowym)