In this scenario, while exercising extreme precaution, are you allowed to overtake the preceding vehicle at the upcoming intersection?

In the photo you are driving behind a yellow van and approaching a roundabout marked with signs A-7 and C-12; before the roundabout there is a pedestrian crossing and a cycle crossing D-6b. If you exercise particular caution, you are allowed to overtake this vehicle at the nearest junction, that is at the roundabout. The answer is: yes.

The Road Traffic Act prohibits overtaking a power-driven vehicle at a junction, except at a roundabout or at a junction where traffic is controlled. A junction marked with sign C-12 is exactly a roundabout, so the ban does not apply: if the roadway of the roundabout has two lanes, you may overtake a slower vehicle, following the general conditions for overtaking - visibility, space, checking that nobody is overtaking you and that the vehicle being overtaken is not signalling a lane change or an exit. At a roundabout vehicles exit to the right, so when overtaking on the left, you watch out for anyone who is just heading for an exit. Pay attention to what is before the roundabout: a pedestrian crossing and a cycle crossing D-6b - overtaking is prohibited there, so the manoeuvre can start only after them.

Legal basis: Art. 24 para. 7 point 3 and para. 1 and Art. 26 para. 3 point 1 and Art. 27 para. 4 of the Road Traffic Act (Prawo o ruchu drogowym); § 36 para. 1 of the Regulation on road signs and signals